While TH2 and TH9 responses primarily target multicellular parasites, host immune pathways against viruses, intracellular microorganisms (like bacteria, protozoa, and fungi), and extracellular ...

Besides, the host microbiome influences immune ... vaccine responses, warranting special attention. Notably, the interactions of other gut microbes, such as fungi (e.g., Candida), protozoa ...

A new study has revealed that a special group of cells in the intestines tamp down the immune responses caused by exposure to food proteins. Called 'tolerogenic dendritic cells,' these cells enable ...

An analysis of the gut immune cells found an imbalance among the T cells that trigger versus dampen immune responses to food particles in the allergic mice, with a skewing toward the former. "By ...

from unicellular organisms such as protozoa to the specialised cells that consitutute multicellular organisms. DNA damage can be sensed as a danger signal by the innate immune system. Bournique et al.

Despite accumulating evidence in support of sex-based differences in innate and adaptive immune responses, in the susceptibility to infectious diseases and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases ...